建中读书

关键词 ： 俄亥俄大学 演讲

关键词 ： 经典图书馆 建筑 世界 图书馆建筑是人类文明史的宝贵财富。从世界各地现存的图书馆老建筑中，能够感受和体验到这些建筑所体现的独特的艺术风格和建筑功用。为了展示各国、各民族经典图书馆的建筑风格和特色，国际图联图书馆建筑与设备委员会建议，由上海图书馆在《国际图书馆建筑大观》的基础上，负责编辑出版《国际经典图书馆建筑》。2005年8月，建立了由吴建中博士任主编的编辑委员会，委员会邀请了国际图联及国内各有关专家担任编辑委员，邀请史蒂文·帕克先生担任编辑委员会顾问。编辑委员会经过广泛调研和认真筛选，最后确定22个国家的47家经典图书馆编入《国际经典图书馆建筑》。

Library buildings are treasures of our human civilization. From the existing classical library buildings, we can feel and experience the unique artistic styles and architectural functions presented by these buildings. />

To display the architectural styles and features of classical library buildings constructed by various countries and nations, the IFLA/> Library/> Buildings/>/> and Equipment Section suggested that the Shanghai Library be responsible for the editing and publication of the book Classical Library Buildings of the World, based on the book New Library Buildings of the World. In August 2005, an editorial board was established, with Dr. WU Jianzhong as General Editor. The editorial board invited experts from IFLA and China/>/> to be its members, and Mr. Stephen Parker as advisor of the board. The editorial board has made a selection of library buildings after a survey of classical library buildings all over the world and has finally decided to include 47 libraries from 22 countries./>

The book is published byThe Scientific and Technological Literature Publishing House and the price is US$60 (including packing and postage for surface mail).

关键词 ： 信息获取；知识服务； 上海图书馆 Global access to information: the Shanghai Experience

Shanghai is one of the largest cities in the world with a total population of 17.42 million. Shanghai is not only a world financial and business center, but also a cultural and information center. Benefited by the two-digit economic growth in the past 12 years, the city has completed the first-round cultural construction. The Shanghai Library was one of the ten monumental buildings set up in the 1990s. Now the city government is planning a second-round cultural construction and the second-phase project of the Shanghai Library is under planning and it will be completed before 2010 when the World Expo is held in Shanghai. The Shanghai Library is the second largest library in China， with a total collection of 50.5 million． Since its establishment in 1952， the Library has grown rapidly through some historical mergers． In 1958 the city government combined four municipal libraries （Municipal Historical Document Library， Municipal Periodicals Library， Municipal Science and Technology Library and the Shanghai Library） and some other collections including the Bibliotheca Xujiahui and SMC （Shanghai Municipal Council） Library． In 1995， the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of Shanghai （known as ISTIS）， one of the country’s leading information institutions， was merged with the Shanghai Library， resulting in the first combination of a library and an information institution in the country． This was an epoch-making event in Chinese librarianship．

The city government aimed to share information and human resources and to complement each other’s professional superiority by means of putting two organizations together． The two organizations are in many ways quite similar， for instance， information collection， reader service and reference work， etc．， but also in many ways quite different． The Library lays stress on serving the general public while ISTIS serves mainly for industrial and technical community． The most striking difference is that the former provides basically the free services while the latter the fee services．

To strive for a world-class institution， the Shanghai Library has developed a strategy in 2002 with assistance of a group of experts from the Fudan University， a top-ten university in China． The working group spent one year and worked out some reports including a strategic blue print for the Library:

The Library’s Mission

To pursue excellent services through developing an accumulated knowledge base

The Library’s Core Value To provide excellent service， to encourage sincere cooperation， to guide learning and to inspire intelligence

The Library’s Target To establish a world-class metropolitan library

A Knowledge Service Model

The merger between library and information institute has provided a significant chance for the Shanghai Library to restructure itself towards a new direction: the Library as a center of information resources， an information clearinghouse， a knowledge repository， a school of life-long literacy and a meeting place for recreation． After a period of reorganization， a new model of three-dimensional services， namely， for the general public， for the research community and for the government and the legislature， has been gradually taken shape．

1． Service for the General Public

Since the new building opened in 1996， the people of Shanghai have enjoyed its modern facilities and convenient services． The Library receives an average of 8,000 people every day and it is regarded to be the most frequently visited place in the city of Shanghai． The Shanghai Library’s public services include reading and lending， reference service， public lectures， exhibitions and cultural meetings． The Library adheres to open policy ever since the opening of the new building: open to everybody and open everyday． People outside the city can also get a temporary pass if he or she shows an ID card． It opens twelve hours a day from normally 8:30 to 20:30 （in some national holidays from 9:00 to 16:00） and opens 365 days a year （the Library never close even in the Chinese New Year）． The Library has a total collection of 50.5 million records and as many as one million books are displayed in its 25 open-stacked reading rooms． Four copies can be taken out for 28 days． The Library also takes care of lending activity for its 21 local public libraries （they share the same circulation system and the overall resources， but have no direct administrative link to the main library）．

As a social meeting center， the Library is equipped with two large auditoriums， two exhibition halls and eight seminar rooms． Seminars， lectures， art exhibitions， photo shows and other cultural and academic events are regularly held in the Library． Because the Library is located in the research and diplomatic area and also not far from the city’s busiest shopping areas such as Huai Hai Lu and Xu Jia Hui， its cultural activities often succeed one another in quick succession． For instance， when Celebrate Australia 2002 was held in Shanghai， some of its programs including the Australian Indigenous Arts Exhibition and A Season of Australian Documentary Film were held in the Library’s exhibition hall and auditorium respectively． Due to such situation， the library becomes very busy and its name frequently appears on the local mass media， showing that the Library becomes a center of local cultural and social events．

The Shanghai Library has a municipal network of four-level public libraries: 33 district/county libraries， 210 sub-district/town public libraries， and thousands of residential area/village reading rooms． They play an important role in reaching the library service out to the people． The Shanghai Library also serves as a coordinator among all kinds of libraries and information services in the city． Now there is a consortium of 60 libraries led by the Shanghai Library．

2． Service for the Research Community

Both the Shanghai Library and ISTIS have reputations for providing reference services for the city’s social and industrial development. The new institution has a group of over 100 specialists covering various scientific and technical subjects. Having rich human resources, the Library often organizes information research or “think tank” projects for the industrial and technical community. Taking an example, a research project on Inner Mongolia’s veterinary medicine production base was highly appreciated by the government officials of the Inner-Mongolian Autonomous Region. For many years, the Library has developed a counseling service system, assisting the corporations and business community to improve their economic returns and policy-making levels. In 2005, the Library processed 1552 Information retrieval requests. Shanghai Library has the vision of building itself as information agorae and clearinghouse. We can see that the value-added information service on a cost-recovery basis is warmly welcome by the researchers and there is no reason to disregard such a growing social demand and a gradually maturing market. 3． Service for the City Government and the Legislature

The Library has specific responsibilities to serve the city government and the Legislature. Before the merger, ISTIS had a regular bulletin service to the government, reporting mainly the trend of world technology. In 2001, the new Library readjusted its bulleting service and began to include social and economic contents and distribute the bulletins widely to the government agencies and research institutions concerned. In 2005, 662 issues were produced on various topics in two series: General and Technology. The service is well received because of its enriched information including the feedback information on the city development, advices from various experts and new trend of world economy and technology, etc. In 2005 the Library completed 255 research projects.

A Hybrid Service Model

In 1996, when the new library building was opened, the library shifted its goal to cope with the global networking environment. After several years’ consecutive efforts, the Shanghai Library has made much progress in the infrastructure construction, office automation, document digitalization and online services. There are about 1000 computers connected to the library’s intranet, among which more than 500 are located in the reading areas. The library’s daily online visits have increased from 1,000 in 1997 to the current 20,000.

The Shanghai Library has recently developed a 3-I policy (innovation, integration and inter-library collaboration) for its hybrid library strategy. 1. Innovation In a traditional library, the reading of electronic resources and print resources are separate. The resources are disseminated at different corners, which adds to the readers’ difficulty in finding these materials in a short time. In order to integrating the traditional function of a physical library with the information service of a virtual library at a unified interface, the Shanghai Library has made a great step forward in overcoming these disadvantages. By making use of the information infrastructure and broadband library intranet, the Shanghai Library has established an omnipresent digital information remote access that covers all the service areas, and this remote access integrates online reading, downloading and printing of the library’s digital resources, whether they are documents, full-text books, ancient texts, pictures, manuscripts, videos or tapes. In addition, all the reading rooms have computers that are connected to the library intranet. The Shanghai Library, by reshuffling its services, has the capacity for providing the public with rich, swift, and all-around digital information services whenever and wherever possible.

The Library’s Newspaper Reading Room displays about 1,000 titles of the current Chinese newspapers. To integrate all the sources of news, and also to overcome the space problem, the Library has changed its Newspaper Room to Multimedia News Room, putting all the newspapers in printed or electronic forms in one room. Now readers can search the electronic newspapers on the net or by CD-Roms through 10 desktop computers, watch TV with earphones and also read the printed papers as usual in one place. In future, the Library is going to make most of the reading rooms hybrid, providing easier access to the different forms of the same subject. In 2001, the Library started a “one card through” system for circulation among all the 21 district and county libraries in the city of Shanghai. The Shanghai Library has developed a Central Library System since 2001, trying to unite all the local public libraries and to share resources with all the university and research libraries. It is so successful that the first target of “one card through” system in the 21 district libraries has been realized. Books can be borrowed and returned in any member library by using the same card. Readers can enjoy the same public library service in both the urban areas and in the counties. From 2005 on, the “one card through” system shall be gradually reached to the community/township public libraries. 2. Integration

Starting from 2003 the Library launched a three-year plan for integration of library resources, services and marketing, the so-called Three Integrations.

Now people can have access to various digital resources of the Shanghai Library through the Document Supply Center’s resource page both in Chinese and in English. The Chinese E-book and the NetLibrary are the two distinctive online services that are well received by the local users. The former has a collection of over 30,000 and the latter about 5,000. The registered readers can have direct access to the database at home or anywhere on the web. For the swiftness and convenience of E-book services and its adoption of advanced online intellectual property right protection system, more and more readers have come to visit the Shanghai Library website and register online. The Chinese E-book is so popular that the access rate once reached 12 millions in one week. At the same time, Shanghai Library, on the basis of the central library network, has integrated the specialty resources and services of its branch libraries, and actively provided service for the public to improve their information accomplishment. The Document Supply Center was established in May 2003 in answer to the new strategy for integration. People needed to go to various pages before, because the resources were developed or purchased by the different departments of the Library. With the backing of a group of experts, computer technology and network facilitates, the Shanghai Library integrated its collections. Now the users can either search or acquire information from one page. In the past 28 years the Shanghai Library has organized over 1300 lectures, and over 1,000,000 listeners attended the lectures. To keep pace with the times, the Shanghai Library has formed a lecture system that integrates lecture organizing, editing, viewing on demand and online broadcasting. The Lecture Center not only integrates lectures organized by the different departments of the Library but also coordinates the social lectures. All the lectures are publicized in “one window” including those organized by the social organizations. People can view the lectures through the A/V lecture database on the website or come to the Library to watch the videos on demand or read the lecture texts or books themselves. The Lecture Center has published 30 lecture books. The Library’s lecture becomes well known in the city’s cultural life and people intimately call it a “city classroom”. 3. Inter-Library Collaboration

The city’s information environment has seen great progress and is now of leading position in China. However, digital divide still exists. As one of the largest city libraries in the world and an information hub of the area, the Shanghai Library has been actively involved in the information cooperation project, and has done its share in pushing the information construction of and cooperation between libraries in the city of Shanghai. So far, all the urban areas and most of the satellite towns enjoy the service of the central library system. Through the municipal public network platform of the community libraries, readers can also receive the special digital information services provided by the member libraries (website: http://eservice.digilib.sh.cn/tszy/) to enrich their lives. These services are about education, entertainment, traveling, law, agricultural technology, medical treatment and health care, folk custom and culture, and about flowers and plants. All this helps radiate the Shanghai Library’s resources and services to every corner of the city, and builds up the importance and influence of the Shanghai Library. According to a survey, in 2001 there were 896 personal computers for public use in the local public libraries. Most of them were equipped in the district/county libraries. The figure shows that one library computer is shared by 14,500 people; while in the developed countries the figure is lower than 5,000. 3 In September 2003, a new survey was conducted and the statistics showed that there were 2,208 personal computers in the local public libraries and of which, 1,328 were for the public use. 4 The last two years saw a big leap in the information development of the city. To further promote the level to close to that of the developed world, the Shanghai Library calls for a new target of 3,200 personal computers in the entire public libraries of the city in 2005. It is already realized.

There are two online library services worth mentioning here. They are the “Cooperative Online Reference Services”, and the “Online Cataloguing Service”. With the arrival of knowledge economy, a librarian is not only a person who preserves and delivers documents, but also a researcher of information and a propeller of knowledge, helping the users seek and disseminate knowledge. On May 28, 2001, the Shanghai Library collaborated with the senior reference librarians from the local universities and research institutions, to establish the “Cooperative Online Reference Services” (four libraries in Hong Kong, Macao and Singapore later joined in). The reference librarians working at the station provide specialized research institutions and corporations with digitalized reference services on subjects such as social sciences, linguistics, religion, biology, medicine, agriculture, computer, engineering, chemistry and industry, education, psychology, etc. So far, the Station has been well received by people from all walks of life, especially by those from specialized fields. There are about 10 answers every day in average. The Q/A Database based on the selected questions and answers has been developed and there are about 5,000 examples on the Station’s homepage, becoming a good source for reference information. The Library’s Online Cataloguing Center was established in 1999, aiming initially at improving the efficiency of cataloguing and helping compile the union catalogue among the local libraries. The Center grows quickly in the past years. By the end of 2004 the membership reached 300. The bibliographic database reached to 1,700,000 titles. With an annual increase of 150,000 titles, the Center is attracting more and more libraries and book dealers to join in.

Conclusion

In the past few years， great changes have taken place in the Shanghai Library， especially in the reorganization of its resources and services． Taking advantage of the consolidation between the Shanghai Library and ISTIS， the new institution works to combine the function of a traditional library with a virtual system， making progress in the application of new technology and service methods in aspects such as integrating and developing information resources， and providing reference services， thus extending the library service to the whole society． Adhering to its core values （to provide excellent service， to encourage sincere cooperation， to guide learning and to inspire intelligence）， the Library works diligently to pursue after the advanced libraries and to strive for the establishment of a world-class metropolitan library．

关键词 ： 国际图联 中文 工作语言 中文成为国际图联工作语言，是中国图书馆发展史上具有里程碑意义的大事。它不仅表明中国图书馆员在国际舞台上有了话语权，而且更重要的是，它显示了中国图书馆界应有的国际地位。从孙蓓欣教授担任国际图联执委，到我和张晓林教授相继担任国际图联管理委员会委员，都把中文成为国际图联工作语言问题看作自己任职期间的一项重要使命。

在国际图联总部的档案里，我看到过上世纪九十年代中国图书馆学会关于中文应该成为工作语言的建议报告，说明我国老一辈图书馆工作者在这个问题上曾经付出过巨大努力。2003年12月，在国际图联会议委员会（Conference Committee）工作会议上，我积极游说各位委员争取通过由中国图书馆学会提议的“建立中文Caucus机制”的议案。后来，管理委员会通过了这一议案。2004年8月国际图联阿根廷年会上首次召开中文Caucus会议时，国际图联主席、当选主席以及秘书长都赶来祝贺。这是中文工作语言化的前奏，说明时机已经成熟。 在2004年12月8日-9日管理委员会工作会议上，会议就当选主席拜恩博士提出的有关语言政策的议案（GB04-021R）而成立语言政策工作小组时，我成为五人小组成员之一。我按照中国图书馆学会的指示积极促成中文的工作语言化。2005年12月，当我看到张晓林教授给我发来的“中文已正式成为国际图联工作语言”的短信时，心情久久不能平静。 我们一定要努力珍惜并紧紧抓住这一发展机遇，扩大交流，走向世界。

关键词 ： 美国 俄罗斯 图书馆 访问记 2006年7月5日至16日，我访问了俄罗斯和美国，出席了在莫斯科、圣彼得堡和美国哥伦布举行的三个“上海之窗”赠书仪式，在美国俄亥俄大学作了一次学术演讲，并参观了两国的一些图书馆和文化设施。

（一） 出国这么多次，俄罗斯还是第一次，沿途看到的一切都感到很新鲜。俄罗斯比我想象的要好得多。过去我总以为东欧等转型国家不如中国，但这次看了以后，发现俄罗斯并不穷，人民生活水平也不低，而且老百姓对政府的满意度也比较高，他们普遍认为普京总统领导有方。他们很会享受生活，一到周末就会开着车到城外度假。从民众文化修养和价值观念来看，他们更倾向于西方。凭我的感觉，由于丰厚的历史底蕴和较高的民众素养，不出多少年，俄罗斯以及一些东欧国家将步入类似东亚经济奇迹的高速发展阶段。 我们在俄罗斯举行了两个“上海之窗”揭牌仪式和合作备忘录签字仪式。一次是在莫斯科涅克拉索夫中央图书馆，另一次在圣彼得堡的俄罗斯国立图书馆。涅克拉索夫中央图书馆的活动很隆重，俄方一些知名人士出席并讲话。中国驻俄罗斯大使馆文化处薛莲也来参加，并为文化部网站写了报道。我们回国前已经看到了网站上的这一消息。在国立图书馆，我们举行了签字仪式，但正式的揭牌活动将放到2007年中俄文化年的时候举行。 俄罗斯的图书馆是很有历史底蕴的。其特点是建筑大气，资源丰富。俄罗斯有两家国家级图书馆，馆长都由中央政府任命。国家图书馆前身是苏联列宁国家图书馆，该馆的国内外文献收藏量排名俄罗斯第一、世界第二。位于圣彼得堡的国立图书馆是俄罗斯第一家国立公共图书馆。它在俄罗斯文化史上占有重要的地位。根据俄国沙皇凯特琳娜二世“完整收藏俄语图书”和“供公众使用”的命令，该馆建于1795年，并在1814年1月14日正式开馆，该馆建立于1862年7月1日，是莫斯科第一家免费开放的公共图书馆，当时被命名为莫斯科公共博物馆和鲁勉采夫博物馆图书馆、又称鲁勉采夫图书馆。该馆曾经是沙俄时代的国家馆，首都搬迁到莫斯科以后，苏联又建设了一个以列宁名字命名的国家图书馆，圣彼得堡的国立图书馆地位虽然没有丧失，但它实际上成为第二国家图书馆。该馆资源的特色是丰富的历史文献资源。我们参观了该馆的珍本库，看到了各种有锁链的图书，这在图书史上是很有名的，也看到了摇篮本，也就是哥腾堡发明活字印刷后五十年内出版的图书，该馆摇篮本有六千之多。我们还看到了伏尔泰图书馆（藏书）和手稿馆。列宁曾经在这里工作过，所以我们还参观了列宁阅览室。该馆几年前在靠近郊区的地方建了一座新馆，曾列入《国际图书馆建筑大观》。但是，这两个馆现代化程度都不是很高，建筑和设施也显得比较陈旧。涅克拉索夫中央图书馆是一个以知名作家涅克拉索夫命名的莫斯科市立图书馆，藏书两百万册。该市有十个区级图书馆，每个区图书馆形成一个中心图书馆体系，下面有分馆。但涅克拉索夫中央图书馆是一个独立的图书馆，与区级图书馆没有任何行政联系，但有资源协作关系，读者证也可以通用，凭一张证可以走遍全市的公共图书馆。他们为我专门办了一张通用读者证，拍照和制作仅花了两分钟。证上没有照片，但在门禁处扫描后显示出了照片。俄罗斯的各类图书馆都需要读者证才能进图书馆，我们参观莫斯科大学时，因为没有预约，所以他们无论如何不让我们进图书馆参观，由于时间较紧我们没有找他们的馆长，但我们很理解，对保安来说这是制度，他们认证不认人。 （二） 美国我已经去了六、七次了，但这次收获也很大。我们参观了美国国会图书馆和俄亥俄州立大学图书馆。在美国国会图书馆，亚洲部主任李华伟博士、居蜜博士、陈家仁博士接待了我们。我们参观了著名的大圆顶阅览室、议员阅览室及单间研究室、中文部阅览室等，与李博士等讨论了有关合作项目。三位老师很好客，在俄亥俄州立大学，参观了总馆和一个系图书馆。俄亥俄州立大学图书馆是一个总/分馆系统，有18个分馆组成。分散在各系的图书馆均由总馆统一管理。我参观了建筑系图书馆，该系图书馆建筑获得2005年美国图书馆协会奖。该馆虽然不大，仅4万多册藏书，但建筑很有特色，图书馆只是该系建筑的一个部分，图书馆在中央，四周是其他教学设施，图书馆像浮在空中一样，别具一格。特别是家具，每一张椅子都是不一样的，甚至还有一张类似床一样的椅子，读者累了可以躺在上面休息。该馆总馆今年秋天就要翻修，现在搬迁工作已经开始启动，所以这两年也没有推出新的服务项目。 在该馆我们举行了“上海之窗”的赠书揭牌仪式。“上海之窗”在世界各地已经有18家，在美国这是第一家。所以有着特别的意义。对我来说，在美国最重要的活动是学术讲座。该大学每年邀请几位国外专家在该校作学术演讲。我的这次演讲是经该馆东亚图书馆馆长李国庆教授和历史系等几位教授的推荐促成的。李国庆教授在华人图书馆员中有较高的知名度，他是俄亥俄大学的教授，有不少著述。尽管美国我已经来过多次了，但我很重视自己的对外学术活动。这次演讲的题目是“全球信息存取：上海经验”。由于正逢暑假和周末（那天是星期五），尽管该校到处张贴有关演讲的宣传广告，但来的人不多，仅30多位，不过听该校的人说，有这样的规模已经是很不错的了。令人感动的是，有些是开车两个多小时从外城市赶来的。演讲结束后约半个小时提问和交流，大家对上海图情事业在社会经济和文化发展中的作用很感兴趣，提问主要集中在科技情报和世博信息等服务上。在美国，公共图书馆是很少开展科技情报服务的，他们对我们的三个面向全方位知识服务感到新鲜和惊讶。整个演讲和提问持续了近两个小时。